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Study 8 of 18Gonadorelin (GnRH) literatureeuropepmc · Observational2026

Changing the route of GnRH administration according to the initial cyclic phase of the Ovsynch protocol may optimize reproductive outcomes in dairy cows.

While the study did not find significant differences in fertility outcomes based on GnRH administration route, there were notable trends that suggest further research is needed to explore these relationships.

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Where it sits

this study against the rest of the gonadorelin (gnrh) corpus
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Preclinical
17
Observational · this one
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Open-label
1
Randomised
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Summary and findings

This study investigated the effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues and administration routes on fertility outcomes in dairy cows subjected to the Ovsynch protocol. A total of 406 multiparous Holstein cows were assigned to receive either intramuscular or epidural GnRH treatments. No significant differences in pregnancy or pregnancy-loss rates were detected between treatment groups.

How much of this paper we could read: full text read (0.80). We had a clear abstract, so the summary below closely tracks the paper. What this means →
44.31% pregnancy rate after intramuscular administration in luteal phase vs 31.95%, P=0.083.2026

Abstract

The authors’ words, as europepmc supplied them

<h4>Background</h4>This study aimed to investigate the effects and interactions of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues (lecirelin and buserelin), administration routes (intramuscular and epidural), and initial estrus cycle phases (follicular and luteal) on fertility outcomes in cyclic dairy cows subjected to the Ovsynch protocol.<h4>Results</h4>A total of 406 multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned to four groups: intramuscular lecirelin (L<sub>im</sub>, n = 102), intramuscular buserelin (B<sub>im</sub>, n = 102), epidural lecirelin (L<sub>epi</sub>, n = 101), and epidural buserelin (B<sub>epi</sub>, n = 101). During the Ovsynch protocol, the first GnRH treatment was administered on D0, followed by PGF<sub>2</sub>α on D7, the second GnRH treatment on D9, and fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) 20 h later on D10. At each GnRH administration, cows received either 62.5 µg lecirelin acetate or 10 µg buserelin acetate by the intramuscular or epidural route. Blood samples for serum progesterone (P<sub>4</sub>) determination were collected on D0, D7, D9, D10, and D13. The initial cyclic phase was determined on D0 by ovarian ultrasonography and serum P<sub>4</sub> concentration. Pregnancy status was assessed on D30 after FTAI, and pregnancy losses on D60. No significant differences in pregnancy or pregnancy-loss rates were detected between GnRH analogues or routes of administration, irrespective of the initial cyclic phase (P > 0.05). Likewise, within each initial cyclic phase, the route of administration did not significantly affect pregnancy rate (P > 0.05), although opposite numerical trends were observed. Pregnancy rates were numerically higher after intramuscular administration in cows starting the protocol during the luteal phase (44.31% vs. 31.95%, P = 0.083), but numerically higher after epidural administration in those starting during the follicular phase (46.66% vs. 34.48%, P = 0.083). Epidural GnRH administration was also associated with higher P<sub>4</sub> concentrations on D13 (P < 0.001).<h4>Conclusion</h4>Consequently, although changing the GnRH analogue and administration route did not significantly affect overall fertility outcomes, the findings suggest a possible phase-dependent relationship between administration route and pregnancy outcome. However, this trend requires confirmation in further studies.

Background

The paper addresses the optimization of reproductive outcomes in dairy cows using Gonadorelin (GnRH) within the Ovsynch protocol. Previous studies have indicated that the timing and method of GnRH administration can influence reproductive efficiency, but the optimal approach remains unclear. This study aims to clarify whether adjusting the administration route according to the initial cyclic phase can enhance outcomes.

Methods

Not reported in abstract.

Results

Not reported in abstract.

Interpretation

Not reported in abstract.

Key findings

  • Not reported in abstract.

Limitations

  • Not reported in abstract.

Elsewhere in the Gonadorelin (GnRH) corpus

CEvaluation of the 7 & 7 Synch and 7-day CO-Synch + CIDR <sup>®</sup> protocols for estrus synchronization of beef cows prior to fixed-time artificial insemination with conventional or sex-sorted semenbiorxiv-preprint · 2020 · 82% (629/769) of cows expressed estrus prior to FTAI with 7 & 7 Synch vs 64% (492/769) with 7-day CO-Synch + CIDR, P=0.01.AnimalCEffect of Treatment With Gonadoreline at the Embryo Transfer on Pregnancy Outcomes in Bovine.biorxiv-preprint · 2021 · Conception rate at 30 days: 45.8% in treated group vs control, p=0.03.AnimalBApplication of the subcutaneous triptorelin stimulation test for the diagnosis of central precocious pubertybiorxiv-preprint · 2023 · Not reported in abstract.HumanCOvarian response in water buffaloes induced to ovulate outside the breeding seasonbiorxiv-preprint · 2025 · P4 concentrations were > 3 ng/ml on Days 26 and 33 in the P4 + eCG group.AnimalBDiagnostic performance of a simplified GnRH stimulation test in central precocious puberty: a multicentre studybiorxiv-preprint · 2026 · Peak LH ≥ 5 IU/L defined CPP diagnosis.HumanBIncidence study of precocious puberty in the population of the state of Goiás: did the COVID-19 pandemic modify the epidemiology?PubMed · 2026 · 154% increase in treatment requests during the pandemic, p<0.001.Human