Target-responsive "signal-down" electrochemical biosensor based on an anti-biofouling hydrogel for glutathione detection.
This study introduces a new biosensor for glutathione detection that may improve monitoring in complex biological environments, but detailed numeric outcomes are not provided.
Where it sits
this study against the rest of the glutathione (gsh) corpusSummary and findings
This study presents a novel electrochemical biosensor designed for glutathione (GSH) detection, utilizing an anti-biofouling hydrogel. The biosensor was tested in vitro on B16 melanoma cells and normal L929 fibroblasts, as well as in a melanoma-bearing mouse model. The findings indicate the sensor's capability to differentiate GSH levels in these contexts.
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH), a ubiquitous biothiol, is critical in physiological processes, and abnormal fluctuations in its level are intimately associated with various diseases. However, real-time in vivo monitoring of GSH within tissues, such as the tumor microenvironment (TME), is fundamentally hindered by severely electrode biofouling and electrochemical interference from structural analogs. Herein, we report a novel target-responsive "Signal-Down" electrochemical biosensor based on an anti-biofouling hydrogel for GSH detection, which elegantly integrates robust anti-biofouling capabilities with highly specific target recognition. This sensing interface features a highly hydrated polyacrylamide (PAM) network, crosslinked by disulfide bonds and loaded with ferrocene/β-cyclodextrin (Fc@β-CD) electroactive probes. Upon exposure to GSH, the highly specific thiol-disulfide exchange reaction triggers the macroscopic degradation of the Fc-hydrogel. This spatial disruption drives the rapid outward diffusion of the redox probes, translating microscopic molecular recognition into a dramatic attenuation of the electrochemical signal. This biosensor not only successfully differentiated abnormal intracellular GSH levels in B16 melanoma cells from those in normal L929 fibroblasts in vitro, but also achieved in situ detection of pathological redox dysregulation in a melanoma-bearing mouse model. Ultimately, by uniquely coupling macroscopic material degradation with signal attenuation, this work establishes a reliable strategy for continuous, interference-free biosensing in highly complex and fouling-prone biological matrices.
Background
Not reported in abstract.
Methods
Not reported in abstract.
Results
Not reported in abstract.
Interpretation
Not reported in abstract.
Limitations
Not reported in abstract.