Transcriptional reprogramming during human osteoclast differentiation identifies regulators of osteoclast activity

This study identifies key genes and receptors involved in osteoclast differentiation, which could inform future osteoporosis research. However, findings are based on a small sample and in vitro models, limiting direct clinical application.

Summary and findings

This study aimed to investigate the transcriptional changes during human osteoclast differentiation using CD14+ monocytes from eight female donors. RNA sequencing revealed 8446 differentially expressed genes across various temporal patterns. The study identified specific G-protein coupled receptors that may regulate osteoclast activity.

Abstract

<title>Abstract</title> <p>Enhanced osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast activity contribute to the development of osteoporosis, which is characterized by increased bone resorption and inadequate bone formation. As novel anti-osteoporotic therapeutics are needed, understanding the genetic regulation of human osteoclastogenesis could help identify potential treatment targets. This study aimed to provide an overview of the transcriptional reprogramming during human osteoclast differentiation. Osteoclasts were differentiated from CD14⁺-monocytes from eight female donors. RNA-sequencing during differentiation demonstrated 8446 differentially expressed genes grouped into eight temporal patterns conserved across donors. These patterns showed distinct molecular functions, associated with postmenopausal osteoporosis susceptibility genes based on RNA from iliac crest biopsies, and bone mineral density SNPs. Network analyses showed mutual dependencies between the expression patterns and detected subspecific transcriptional networks. Differentially expressed G-protein coupled receptors showed strong expression during osteoclast differentiation and associated with bone mineral density SNPs, implying a pivotal role in osteoclast differentiation and activity. The regulatory effects of three differentially expressed G-protein coupled receptors were exemplified by <italic>in vitro</italic> pharmacological modulation of complement 5A receptor 1 (<italic>C5AR1</italic>), somatostatin receptor 2 (<italic>SSTR2</italic>), and free fatty acid receptor 4 (<italic>FFAR4</italic>/GPR120). Activating C5AR1 enhanced osteoclast formation, while activating SSTR2 decreased resorptive activity of mature osteoclasts, and activating FFAR4 decreased both number and resorptive activity of mature osteoclasts. In conclusion, we report the transcriptional reprogramming during human osteoclast differentiation and identified SSTR2 and FFAR4 as anti-resorptive G-protein coupled receptors. These data can help future investigations to identify molecular regulators of osteoclast differentiation and activity and provide the basis for novel anti-osteoporotic targets.</p>

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