Advances and perspectives of functional nanomaterials in scavenging reactive oxygen species for acute kidney injury.
Nanomaterials offer potential for improved acute kidney injury therapies, but translational challenges remain significant.
Where it sits
this study against the rest of the elamipretide corpusSummary and findings
The paper reviews the use of reactive oxygen species-scavenging nanomaterials for acute kidney injury therapy. It categorizes these nanomaterials into inorganic, organic, organic-inorganic hybrid, and biological types. The review addresses design and targeting strategies, as well as translational challenges and solutions.
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by a rapid decline in renal function with diverse etiologies, leading to high morbidity and mortality. Its pathophysiology involves the interwoven processes of oxidative stress, inflammation, ferroptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Conventional treatments have issues such as low bioavailability, inadequate renal targeting, and systemic toxicity, leaving clinical needs unmet. Nanotechnology addresses these bottlenecks via rational engineering and surface modification, endowing nanomaterials with enhanced stability, precise targeting, and multifunctional therapeutic potential. Herein, we systematically review reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging nanomaterials for AKI therapy, categorized into inorganic, organic, organic-inorganic hybrid, and biological nanomaterials. The article focuses on the subtype-specific design, targeting strategies, and multi-functional integration principles for different AKI pathological mechanisms, and explores the oxidative stress-mediated toxicity mechanisms of nanomaterials as well as relief strategies based on degradable and surface-modified approaches. Finally, we highlight critical translational challenges and propose pathology-responsive and preclinical evaluation-oriented solutions. This review provides a mechanism-integrated, translation-oriented perspective on ROS-scavenging nanomaterials for AKI therapy, guiding the development of precise, safe, and clinically viable next-generation nanotherapeutics.
Background
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious condition with high morbidity and mortality, driven by oxidative stress, inflammation, ferroptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Current treatments are limited by issues such as low bioavailability and systemic toxicity. This study reviews the potential of nanotechnology to overcome these limitations by enhancing stability, targeting, and multifunctionality of therapeutic agents.
Methods
This is a systematic review of reactive oxygen species-scavenging nanomaterials for AKI therapy. It categorizes nanomaterials into inorganic, organic, organic-inorganic hybrid, and biological types, and discusses their design, targeting strategies, and integration principles. The review also explores oxidative stress-mediated toxicity mechanisms and relief strategies.
Results
Not reported in abstract.
Interpretation
The review suggests that nanomaterials hold promise for addressing the limitations of current AKI treatments through enhanced targeting and multifunctionality. However, the lack of new experimental data limits the ability to assess clinical significance. The proposed solutions to translational challenges are theoretical and require further validation.
Key findings
- Reactive oxygen species are implicated in acute kidney injury pathophysiology.
- Nanomaterials are categorized into inorganic, organic, organic-inorganic hybrid, and biological types.
- The review discusses subtype-specific design and targeting strategies.
- Critical translational challenges and solutions are highlighted.
Limitations
- No new experimental data presented
- Focus on preclinical and theoretical aspects
- Lack of quantitative findings
- Translational challenges remain unresolved