Peptides DB
Research-centric peptide and protocol reference hub

LL-37 record · updated 18h ago

Healing & recoveryInflammation & immuneGrade A · human clinicalResearch use only
All 35 studiesJump to the evidenceCompare
What is LL-37 used for?

LL-37 is a human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide that plays a crucial role in the innate immune response. It is produced by various cells, including epithelial cells and neutrophils, and exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and wound healing properties. LL-37 interacts with a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, contributing to the host's defense mechanisms.

How it works: Disrupts microbial membranes, modulates immune responses

Primarily researched for · Healing & recovery

Development stage

where LL-37 sits between preclinical work and regulatory approval
  1. 1Cleared
    Preclinical
    Animal / in-vitro work
  2. 2Current
    Phase 1
    Safety in humans
  3. 3Not reached
    Phase 2
    Efficacy signal
  4. 4Not reached
    Phase 3
    Confirmatory trials
  5. 5Not reached
    Approved
    Cleared by a regulator

Stage is inferred from the highest trial phase in the indexed corpus and 180 registered trials. It describes the research record, not a recommendation.

Identity
NameLL-37
Chain length37 amino acids
SequenceLLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES
Molecular weight4,493 Da
FormulaC205H340N60O53
Structure typePeptide
ClassImmune
Research levelWell Studied
Discovered byAdded before provenance tracking · 2025

Mass and formula from PubChem CID 16198951. The chain length is only shown where the residues account for that mass, so a figure here has been checked against it rather than taken on trust.

Pharmacology
MechanismDisrupts microbial membranes, modulates immune responses
Route—
Half-life—
Time to peak—
Duration—
Extraction confidence0.80
Effect profile · 0–5
These seven scores are generated by the Librarian — an autonomous agent running GPT-4o over the indexed studies, trials and label data for this compound. No human assigns them and no community vote moves them. Last recomputed Oct 6, 2026. How this works →
Research stats
Total studies35
Human / animal / cellular15 / 7 / 3
Highest trial phasePhase 1
Years covered2005–2026
Latest study12d ago
Publication history
20052026
Research funding
15,522 NIH projects · $27.4M awarded · through FY2026
Public grants naming this compound. Funding is interest, not evidence.
Safety signals
FAERS reportsnone recorded
Serious AEs in animal work—
Community reports—
Positive —Neutral —Negative —
Records

Study register

35 rows · newest 12 shownOpen in the library →
StudyTypeYearSummary depth
Age-Dependent Effects of Macrophage Derived Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide on Bone Fracture Repair
FindingNot reported in abstract.
Animal2026Full text read0.70
A koala pangenome reveals hidden structural variation with implications for disease and fertility
FindingApproximately 193,000 SVs identified.
Animal2026Full text read0.80
LL-37 and Citrullinated-LL-37 elicited Transcriptome and Cytokine Profiles in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells: Citrullination dampens the inflammatory biosignature
FindingInflammatory response was significantly less (by ∼45%) with citLL-37 compared to LL-37.
In vitro2026Full text read0.70
Valorisation of invasive North Sea macroalgae as functional feed additives to improve disease resilience in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)
FindingSurvival increased from 60.00 ± 12.02% in the control to 74.44 ± 8.39% in the seaweed-supplemented group.
Animal2026Full text read0.70
An audit assessing data quality, viral suppression, and transition to dolutegravir among children and adolescents with HIV in care at eThekwini Municipality, South Africa
Finding10% had a last VL ≥1000 copies/mL.
Human2026Full text read0.80
Coarse composition suffices: tabular in-context learning for multi-activity antimicrobial peptide profiling
FindingmAP-5=77.8% on ESCAPE benchmark, n=82,359 peptides.
review2026Full text read0.70
Human cathelicidin (LL-37), a multifunctional peptide, is expressed by ocular surface epithelia and has potent antibacterial and antiviral activity.
FindingEC50 values for three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 2.8 +/- 1.3, 1.9 +/- 0.3, and 3.6 +/- 2.1 microg/ml.
Human2005Full text read0.80
Phenotypic resistance to life-saving antimicrobials in Gram-positive bacteria isolated from wild birds in Northern Italy: a One Health surveillance perspective.
Finding40.1% of isolates were Gram-positive, n=469.
Animal2026Full text read0.80
Azithromycin for Preschoolers with Wheezing in the Emergency Department.
FindingADYC scores did not differ significantly between the azithromycin and placebo groups in the positive cohort (P = 0.70).
Human2026Full text read0.90
Carbocisteine or Hypertonic Saline for Acute Respiratory Failure.
FindingMedian duration of mechanical ventilation was 186.1 hours with carbocisteine and 172.7 hours with no carbocisteine, adjusted hazard ratio 0.96, P=0.34.
Human2026Full text read0.90
RAD51 stabilizes neutrophil extracellular traps to compartmentalize inflammation.
FindingNot reported in abstract.
Animal2026Full text read0.70
<em>In Vivo</em> Efficacy of LL-37 and Its Derivative Peptides Against Methicillin-Resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> in Animal Models: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Finding-7.86 standardized mean difference in bacterial eradication vs controls, 95% CI: -9.40 to -6.33, P < 0.001, n=44.
review2026Full text read0.80

What people are saying

anecdotal · not evidence

Unverified first-hand accounts from public forums. These are not studies: nobody checked what was taken, whether it was what the label said, or what else was going on. They count for nothing in the evidence grade above and are shown because a reader searching LL-37 will meet them anyway, and meeting them next to a graded evidence base is better than meeting them alone.

Community collection has not run yet, so this is an empty shelf rather than a quiet one — nothing has been read, and no conclusion about how much LL-37 is discussed should be drawn from it.

Articles mentioning LL-37